Beyazıt Churches
Plan of Beyazıt Churches A, B and C from Müller-Wiener
Beyazıt Churches A, B and C
Ruins of Beyazıt Churches A, B and C were located west of the Forum of Theodosius. Theirs ruins are currently located under some of the buildings of the Istanbul University. It is possible that all of them were built in the 6th century, though the date of Church C in particular is disputed. It is possible that these churches can be identified as the Theotokos of Diakonissa. They were discovered following a fire that destroyed the 19th century Zeynep Kâmil Konak in 1942 and the subsequently construction of an annex building for Istanbul University in the 1940s.
Church A had a nave with a single aisle on either side. Three column bases discovered in situ have incisions that suggest that there were screens dividing the nave from the aisles at the ground level. The column bases supported columns of Thessalian marble. Three Ionic basket capitals were found on location, evidently belonging to them. Pilaster columns of a similar type were also found, of which Justinian’s Hagia Sophia provides excellent parallels. The sculptural evidence suggests an early 6th century date.
Church C was located immediately north of Church A. There was a cistern underneath the courtyard between the churches, measuring 4.96 x 2.80 meters. An opening in the courtyard suggests it was open to the sky and that this cistern stored rainwater. The church had an exonarthex and a narthex. Its nave was about 11 meters wide and its aisle 9.5 meters long. The details of the plan and its date have been debated.
Church B was 1.5 meters higher than Church C. It could be due to the topography, though it also might suggest a later date. It seems to be best categorized as a ‘compact dome basilica’, measuring 13 x 19 meters. Just north of Church B was a cistern measuring 15.5 x 9 meters (with a depth of 5 meters). Several 2nd century tombs were also discovered in the vicinity of the church ruins.
Beyazıt Church D
This church was located near Balaban Ağa Mosque, with the Aqueduct of Valens to the north and the Forum of Theodosius to the southeast. It was accidentally uncovered in 1971 during the construction of an annex building for Istanbul University. It is located a short distance north of Beyazıt Churches A, B and C. It apparently dates to the 11th century. Its dimensions have been compared with Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque. It has been suggested that it could have been cross-domed. Only its apse and a small part of its narthex survive under a building of the Istanbul University Faculty of Sciences.
Hypothetical Reconstruction of Plan by Marinis
Archaeology
Ambo
Beyazıt Church A
6th century
Capital at Istanbul Archaeological Museums
Beyazıt Church A
6th century
Capital in garden of Fethiye Museum
From Beyazıt Church A
Sources
Architecture and Ritual in the Churches of Constantinople: Ninth to Fifteenth Centuries by V. Marinis
Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul by Wolfgang Müller-Wiener
“Church A at Beyazıt in Istanbul Reconsidered” by Ferudun Özgümüş
The Sculptures of the Ayasofya Müzesi in Istanbul: A Short Guide by C. Barsanti and A. Guiglia
Resources
Byzantine Churches of Constantinople Album (Byzantine Legacy Flickr)
Beyazit Churches (Byzantium 1200)
Beyazit Church A, B and C (NYU Byzantine Churches of Istanbul)